Hot Bending Copper Pipe

Overview

Engineering reference data for Hot Bending Copper Pipe in material science and properties.

Key Formulas

Stress

$\sigma = \frac{F}{A}$

Force per unit area.

Strain

$\varepsilon = \frac{\Delta L}{L_0}$

Change in length per original length.

Hooke's Law

$\sigma = E \varepsilon$

Stress proportional to strain in elastic region.

Thermal Expansion

$\Delta L = \alpha L_0 \Delta T$

Length change due to temperature.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$\sigma$	Stress	Pa
$\varepsilon$	Strain	—
$E$	Young's modulus	Pa
$\alpha$	Thermal expansion coefficient	1/°C
$\Delta T$	Temperature change	°C

Hot Bending Temperature Ranges

The following table shows the recommended temperature ranges for hot bending various copper and copper alloy pipes and tubes. Proper temperature control is essential to achieve successful bends without cracking, wrinkling, or metallurgical damage.

Temperature Conversion

To convert between Fahrenheit and Celsius temperature scales:

$T_{(°C)} = \frac{5}{9} \left( T_{(°F)} - 32 \right)$

Example: For copper deoxidized at $1400\,°F$:

$T_{(°C)} = \frac{5}{9} \left( 1400 - 32 \right) = 760\,°C$

References

• Original Source