燃料高位热值
常见固体、液体和气体燃料的高位热值参考数据。
fuelshighercalorificvalues
概述
热值（燃烧热）量化单位质量燃料完全燃烧时释放的能量goes complete combustion. Two conventions exist:
- 高热值 (HCV) — 也称为总热值 (GCV) 或高热值 Value (HHV). All water in the combustion products is condensed, so the latent heat of vaporization is recovered.
- 低热值 (LCV) — 也称为净热值 (NCV) 或低热值e (LHV). Water remains as vapor in the flue gas, so latent heat is not recovered. LHV is the practical value for most industrial combustion calculations where exhaust exits above 100 °C.
HHV 和 LHV 之间的差异取决于燃料的氢含量。富含氢的燃uels such as methane and hydrogen show the largest gap.
关键公式
热值通过量热计中燃烧已知燃料质量的实验确定and measuring the temperature rise of a known water mass:
然后每单位燃料质量的能量含量为：
变量
| 符号 | 说明 | Typical Value / Unit |
|---|---|---|
| Heat released by combustion | J | |
| Mass of water in calorimeter | g | |
| Specific heat capacity of water | 4.18 J/(g·°C) | |
| Temperature rise of water | °C | |
| Mass of fuel burned | g | |
| Heating value (energy content) | J/g |
Gaseous Fuels
Properties at 0 °C / 32 °F, 1 bar.
6 行
密度 (kg/m^3) | (Btu/ft^3) | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylene | 1.097 | 49.9 | 1468 |
| Hydrogen | 0.09 | 141.7 | 341 |
| Methane | 0.716 | 55.5 | 1069 |
| Natural gas (US) | 0.777 | 52.2 | 1090 |
| Ammonia | — | 22.5 | — |
| Town gas | — | — | 483 |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
Liquid Fuels
Properties at 15 °C / 60 °F.
16 行
密度 | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Gasoline (petrol) | 0.737 | 46.4 | — |
| Kerosene | 0.821 | 46.2 | — |
| Diesel fuel | 0.846 | 45.6 | — |
| Light fuel oil | 0.96 | 44 | — |
| Heavy fuel oil | 0.98 | 41.8 | — |
| Butane | 0.601 | 49.1 | — |
| Ethane | 0.572 | 51.9 | — |
| LNG | 0.428 | 55.2 | — |
| Ethanol (100%) | 0.789 | 29.7 | — |
| Methanol | — | — | — |
| Acetone | 0.787 | 31.8 | — |
| Butanol | 0.81 | 37.3 | — |
| Dimethyl ether (DME) | 0.665 | 31.7 | — |
| Diethyl ether | 0.716 | 43 | — |
| Glycerin | 1.263 | 19 | — |
| Gas oil (heating oil) | 0.84 | 43 | — |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
Solid Fuels
12 行
| Carbon | 32.8 | — |
| Anthracite coal | 32.6 | — |
| Petroleum coke | 31.3 | 29.5 |
| Bituminous coal | 30.2 | 29 |
| Semi anthracite | 29.5 | — |
| Charcoal | 29.6 | 28.4 |
| Coke | 26 | — |
| Sub-bituminous coal | 24.4 | — |
| Wood (dry) | 16.2 | 15.4 |
| Peat | 17 | — |
| Lignite (brown coal) | 14 | — |
| Sulfur | 9.2 | 9.2 |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
Unit Conversion Factors
4 行
| 1 MJ/kg | 1 | 0.2778 | 429.9 |
| 1 kcal/kg | 0.004187 | 0.001162 | 1.8 |
| 1 Btu/lb | 0.002328 | 0.000646 | 1 |
| 1 kWh/kg | 3.597 | 1 | 1547.7 |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
还原的原始源表
以下表格还原自原始来源页面，以保留完整的参考数据。
Gaseous Fuels - Higher and lower calorific values (heating values)
6 行
气体eous Fuel | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetylene | 1.097 | 31.1 | 13.9 | 49.9 | 21453 | 54.7 | 1468 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Ammonia | — | — | — | 22.5 | 9690 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Hydrogen | 0.09 | 2.55 | 39.4 | 141.7 | 60920 | 12.7 | 341 | 33.3 | 120 | 51591 | 10.8 | 290 |
| Methane | 0.716 | 20.3 | 15.4 | 55.5 | 23874 | 39.8 | 1069 | 13.9 | 50 | 21496 | 35.8 | 964 |
| Natural gas (US market)* | 0.777 | 22 | 14.5 | 52.2 | 22446 | 40.6 | 1090 | 13.1 | 47.1 | 20262 | 36.6 | 983 |
| Town gas | — | — | — | — | — | 18 | 483 | — | — | — | — | — |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
Liquid Fuels - Higher and lower calorific values (heating values)
28 行
液体 Fuel | ||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Acetone | 0.787 | 2.979 | 8.83 | 31.8 | 13671 | 25 | 89792 | 8.22 | 29.6 | 12726 | 23.3 | 83580 |
| Butane | 0.601 | 3.065 | 13.64 | 49.1 | 21109 | 29.5 | 105875 | 12.58 | 45.3 | 19475 | 27.2 | 97681 |
| Butanol | 0.81 | — | 10.36 | 37.3 | 16036 | 30.2 | 108359 | 9.56 | 34.4 | 14789 | 27.9 | 99934 |
| Diesel fuel* | 0.846 | 3.202 | 12.67 | 45.6 | 19604 | 38.6 | 138412 | 11.83 | 42.6 | 18315 | 36 | 129306 |
| Dimethyl ether (DME) | 0.665 | 2.518 | 8.81 | 31.7 | 13629 | 21.1 | 75655 | 8.03 | 28.9 | 12425 | 19.2 | 68973 |
| Ethane | 0.572 | 2.165 | 14.42 | 51.9 | 22313 | 29.7 | 106513 | 13.28 | 47.8 | 20550 | 27.3 | 98098 |
| Ethanol (100%) | 0.789 | 2.987 | 8.25 | 29.7 | 12769 | 23.4 | 84076 | 7.42 | 26.7 | 11479 | 21.1 | 75583 |
| Diethyl ether (ether) | 0.716 | 2.71 | 11.94 | 43 | 18487 | 30.8 | 110464 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Gasoline (petrol)* | 0.737 | 2.79 | 12.89 | 46.4 | 19948 | 34.2 | 122694 | 12.06 | 43.4 | 18659 | 32 | 114761 |
| Gas oil (heating oil)* | 0.84 | 3.18 | 11.95 | 43 | 18495 | 36.1 | 129654 | 11.89 | 42.8 | 18401 | 36 | 128991 |
| Glycerin | 1.263 | 4.781 | 5.28 | 19 | 8169 | 24 | 86098 | — | — | — | — | — |
| Heavy fuel oil* | 0.98 | 3.71 | 11.61 | 41.8 | 17971 | 41 | 146974 | 10.83 | 39 | 16767 | 38.2 | 137129 |
| Kerosene* | 0.821 | 3.108 | 12.83 | 46.2 | 19862 | 37.9 | 126663 | 11.94 | 43 | 18487 | 35.3 | 126663 |
| Light fuel oil* | 0.96 | 3.634 | 12.22 | 44 | 18917 | 42.2 | 151552 | 11.28 | 40.6 | 17455 | 39 | 139841 |
| LNG* | 0.428 | 1.621 | 15.33 | 55.2 | 23732 | 23.6 | 84810 | 13.5 | 48.6 | 20894 | 20.8 | 74670 |
| LPG* | 0.537 | 2.033 | 13.69 | 49.3 | 21195 | 26.5 | 94986 | 12.64 | 45.5 | 19561 | 24.4 | 87664 |
| Marine gas oil* | 0.855 | 3.237 | 12.75 | 45.9 | 19733 | 39.2 | 140804 | 11.89 | 42.8 | 18401 | 36.6 | 131295 |
| Methanol | 0.791 | 2.994 | 6.39 | 23 | 9888 | 18.2 | 65274 | 5.54 | 19.9 | 8568 | 15.8 | 56562 |
| Methyl ester (biodiesel) | 0.888 | 3.361 | 11.17 | 40.2 | 17283 | 35.7 | 128062 | 10.42 | 37.5 | 16122 | 33.3 | 119460 |
| MTBE | 0.743 | 2.811 | 10.56 | 38 | 16337 | 28.2 | 101244 | 9.75 | 35.1 | 15090 | 26.1 | 93517 |
| Oils vegetable (biodiesel)* | 0.92 | 3.483 | 11.25 | 40.5 | 17412 | 37.3 | 133684 | 10.5 | 37.8 | 16251 | 34.8 | 124772 |
| Paraffin (wax)* | 0.9 | 3.407 | 12.78 | 46 | 19776 | 41.4 | 148538 | 11.53 | 41.5 | 17842 | 37.4 | 134007 |
| Pentane | 0.63 | 2.385 | 13.5 | 48.6 | 20894 | 30.6 | 109854 | 12.6 | 45.4 | 19497 | 28.6 | 102507 |
| Petroleum naphtha* | 0.725 | 2.745 | 13.36 | 48.1 | 20679 | 34.9 | 125145 | 12.47 | 44.9 | 19303 | 32.6 | 116819 |
| Propane | 0.498 | 1.885 | 13.99 | 50.4 | 21647 | 25.1 | 89963 | 12.88 | 46.4 | 19927 | 23.1 | 82816 |
| Residual oil* | 0.991 | 3.752 | — | — | — | 41.8 | 150072 | 10.97 | 39.5 | 16982 | 39.2 | 140470 |
| Tar* | — | — | 10 | 36 | 15477 | — | — | — | — | — | — | — |
| Turpentine | 0.865 | 3.274 | 12.22 | 44 | 18917 | 38.1 | 136555 | — | — | — | — | — |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
Solid Fuels - Higher and lower calorific values (heating values)
12 行
| Anthracite coal | — | 9.06 | 32.6 | 14015 | — | — | — |
| Bituminous coal | — | 8.39 | 30.2 | 12984 | 8.06 | 29 | 12468 |
| Carbon | — | 9.11 | 32.8 | 14101 | — | — | — |
| Charcoal | — | 8.22 | 29.6 | 12726 | 7.89 | 28.4 | 12210 |
| Coke | — | 7.22 | 26 | 11178 | — | — | — |
| Lignite (brown coal) | — | 3.89 | 14 | 6019 | — | — | — |
| Peat | — | 4.72 | 17 | 7309 | — | — | — |
| Petroleum coke | — | 8.69 | 31.3 | 13457 | 8.19 | 29.5 | 12683 |
| Semi anthracite | — | 8.19 | 29.5 | 12683 | — | — | — |
| Sub-Bituminous coal | — | 6.78 | 24.4 | 10490 | — | — | — |
| Sulfur (s) | — | 2.56 | 9.2 | 3955 | 2.55 | 9.2 | 3939 |
| Wood (dry) | 0.701 | 4.5 | 16.2 | 6965 | 4.28 | 15.4 | 6621 |
来源: engineeringtoolbox.com
工程要点
热量ing 数值 单位 转换器
- Fuels that are mixtures (natural gas, gasoline, coal) can vary 5–10 % in heating value between sources, seasons, and markets. The values above are representative for stated densities.
- Solid fuels are particularly sensitive to moisture and ash content. Higher moisture or ash fractions reduce the effective heating value delivered per unit mass.
- HHV is appropriate for condensing-boiler or fuel-cell analysis where water vapor is condensed. LHV is the standard basis for conventional boiler, gas-turbine, and internal-combustion-engine efficiency calculations.
- Gaseous fuel densities depend on temperature and pressure; the table values are at standard conditions (0 °C, 1 bar). Adjust using the ideal gas law for other conditions.