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常见材料与表面的摩擦系数

常见材料组合的静摩擦系数和动摩擦系数。

frictioncoefficients计算器

概述

摩擦系数描述两个接触表面之间的滑动阻力。摩擦系数(μ)是摩擦力与压紧表面的法向力之比的无量纲量。存在两种不同类型:静摩擦(μₛ),抵抗运动的开始;动摩擦或滑动摩擦(μₖ),在相对运动开始后起作用。静摩擦系数总是大于或等于动摩擦系数——使物体开始移动所需的力比维持其移动所需的力更大。

润滑、粗糙度、温度和污染等表面条件会显著影响测得的系数。工程参考中的数值代表典型范围;实际应用需要在代表性条件下进行测试。

摩擦定律

以下以实用的工程形式保留来源的摩擦定律:

  • 摩擦力在接触表面切向作用,并抵抗即将发生或实际的相对运动。
  • 摩擦力与表面之间的法向力成正比。
  • 对于干燥滑动表面,摩擦力通常建模为与表观接触面积无关。
  • 静摩擦抵抗运动开始;动摩擦或滑动摩擦在运动开始后起作用,通常较低。
  • 系数在很大程度上取决于材料配对、表面光洁度、润滑、污染和温度。

摩擦力

Ff=μNF_f = \mu \cdot N

摩擦力等于摩擦系数乘以表面之间的法向力。

水平表面上的法向力

N=magN = m \cdot a_g

对于静止在水平表面或在其上移动的物体,法向力等于物体的重量。

水平重力载荷下的合成摩擦力

Ff=μmagF_f = \mu \cdot m \cdot a_g

blockApplied forceFriction, Ff = mu NNormal force, NWeight, mg
Friction force acts opposite the applied or impending motion. On a horizontal surface, N equals the weight mg.

运动物体的动能

Ek=12mv2E_k = \frac{1}{2} m v^2

制动距离(恒定摩擦)

d=v22μagd = \frac{v^2}{2 \mu a_g}

通过将动能与摩擦做功相等推导出的摩擦制动下使车辆停止所需的距离。

变量

符号说明单位
FfF_f摩擦力N (lbf)
μ\mu摩擦系数(静摩擦 μₛ 或动摩擦 μₖ)
NN法向力N (lbf)
mm质量kg (lb)
aga_g重力加速度(9.81 m/s²、32.17 ft/s²)m/s²
vv速度m/s
EkE_k动能J
dd制动距离m

摩擦力计算器

摩擦 力

静摩擦与动摩擦——示例

静摩擦系数与动摩擦系数

计算示例 — 制动距离

一辆质量 2000 kg 的汽车在潮湿路面上以 100 km/h(27.78 m/s)行驶,动摩擦系数为 0.2

vehicle motionroad frictionbraking distance d = v^2 / (2 mu g)
Tire-road friction provides the braking force. Lower friction coefficients increase stopping distance.

动能为:

Ek=12(2000)(27.78)2771,605 JE_k = \frac{1}{2}(2000)(27.78)^2 \approx 771{,}605 \text{ J}

摩擦制动力为:

Ff=0.2×2000×9.81=3,924 NF_f = 0.2 \times 2000 \times 9.81 = 3{,}924 \text{ N}

所需停车距离为:

d=EkFf=771,6053,924197 md = \frac{E_k}{F_f} = \frac{771{,}605}{3{,}924} \approx 197 \text{ m}

部分常见材料及材料组合的摩擦系数

下表还原自原始来源页面,以保留完整的参考数据,包括来源未提供数值的范围和空白单元格。

170
部分常见材料及材料组合的摩擦系数
静摩擦 - 材料组合
动摩擦(滑动)- 材料组合
静摩擦系数
动摩擦系数
AluminumAluminumClean and Dry1.05 - 1.350.4
AluminumAluminumLubricated and Greasy0.3
Aluminum-bronzeSteelClean and Dry0.45
AluminumMild SteelClean and Dry0.610.47
AluminumSnowWet 0 oC0.4
AluminumSnowDry 0 oC0.35
Brake material2)Cast ironClean and Dry0.4
Brake material2)Cast iron (wet)Clean and Dry0.2
BrassSteelClean and Dry0.510.44
BrassSteelGrease0.19
BrassSteelCastor oil0.11
BrassCast IronClean and Dry0.3
BrassIceClean 0 oC0.02
BrassIceClean -80 oC0.15
BrickWoodClean and Dry0.6
BronzeSteelGrease0.16
BronzeCast IronClean and Dry0.22
Bronze - sinteredSteelGrease0.13
CadmiumCadmiumClean and Dry0.5
CadmiumCadmiumGrease0.05
CadmiumChromiumClean and Dry0.41
CadmiumChromiumGrease0.34
CadmiumMild SteelClean and Dry0.46
Cast IronCast IronClean and Dry1.10.15
Cast IronCast IronClean and Dry0.15
Cast IronCast IronGrease0.07
Cast IronOakClean and Dry0.49
Cast IronOakGrease0.075
Cast ironSteelClean and Dry0.4
Cast ironSteelClean and Dry0.23
Cast ironSteelGrease0.210.133
Car tireAsphaltClean and Dry0.72
Car tireGrassClean and Dry0.35
Carbon (hard)CarbonClean and Dry0.16
Carbon (hard)CarbonGrease0.12 - 0.14
CarbonSteelClean and Dry0.14
CarbonSteelGrease0.11 - 0.14
ChromiumChromiumClean and Dry0.41
ChromiumChromiumGrease0.34
Copper-Lead alloySteelClean and Dry0.22
CopperCopperClean and Dry1.6
CopperCopperGrease0.08
CopperCast IronClean and Dry1.050.29
CopperSteelClean and Dry0.530.36
CopperSteelGrease0.18
CopperSteelOleic acid0.18
CopperGlassClean and Dry0.680.53
CottonCottonThreads0.3
DiamondDiamondClean and Dry0.1
DiamondDiamondGrease0.05 - 0.1
DiamondMetalsClean and Dry0.1 - 0.15
DiamondMetalGrease0.1
GarnetSteelClean and Dry0.39
GlassGlassClean and Dry0.9 - 1.00.4
GlassGlassGrease0.1 - 0.60.09 - 0.12
GlassMetalClean and Dry0.5 - 0.7
GlassMetalGrease0.2 - 0.3
GlassNickelClean and Dry0.78
GlassNickelGrease0.56
GraphiteSteelClean and Dry0.1
GraphiteSteelGrease0.1
GraphiteGraphite (in vacuum)Clean and Dry0.5 - 0.8
GraphiteGraphiteClean and Dry0.1
GraphiteGraphiteGrease0.1
Hemp ropeTimberClean and Dry0.5
HorseshoeRubberClean and Dry0.68
HorseshoeConcreteClean and Dry0.58
IceIceClean 0 oC0.10.02
IceIceClean -12 oC0.30.035
IceIceClean -80 oC0.50.09
IceWoodClean and Dry0.05
IceSteelClean and Dry0.03
IronIronClean and Dry1
IronIronGrease0.15 - 0.20
LeadCast IronClean and Dry0.43
LeatherOakParallel to grain0.610.52
LeatherMetalClean and Dry0.4
LeatherMetalGrease0.2
LeatherWoodClean and Dry0.3 - 0.4
LeatherClean MetalClean and Dry0.6
LeatherCast IronClean and Dry0.60.56
Leather fiberCast ironClean and Dry0.31
Leather fiberAluminumClean and Dry0.3
MagnesiumMagnesiumClean and Dry0.6
MagnesiumMagnesiumGrease0.08
MagnesiumSteelClean and Dry0.42
MagnesiumCast IronClean and Dry0.25
MasonryBrickClean and Dry0.6 - 0.7
MicaMicaFreshly cleaved1
NickelNickelClean and Dry0.7 - 1.10.53
NickelNickelGrease0.280.12
NickelMild SteelClean and Dry0.64
NickelMild SteelGrease0.178
NylonNylonClean and Dry0.15 - 0.25
NylonSteelClean and Dry0.4
NylonSnowWet 0 oC0.4
NylonSnowDry -10 oC0.3
OakOak (parallel grain)Clean and Dry0.620.48
OakOak (cross grain)Clean and Dry0.540.32
OakOak (cross grain)Grease0.072
PaperCast IronClean and Dry0.2
Phosphor-bronzeSteelClean and Dry0.35
PlatinumPlatinumClean and Dry1.2
PlatinumPlatinumGrease0.25
PlexiglasPlexiglasClean and Dry0.8
PlexiglasPlexiglasGrease0.8
PlexiglasSteelClean and Dry0.4 - 0.5
PlexiglasSteelGrease0.4 - 0.5
PolystyrenePolystyreneClean and Dry0.5
PolystyrenePolystyreneGrease0.5
PolystyreneSteelClean and Dry0.3 - 0.35
PolystyreneSteelGrease0.3 - 0.35
PolyethylenePolytehyleneClean and Dry0.2
PolyethyleneSteelClean and Dry0.2
PolyethyleneSteelGrease0.2
RubberRubberClean and Dry1.16
RubberCardboardClean and Dry0.5 - 0.8
RubberDry AsphaltClean and Dry0.90.5 - 0.8
RubberWet AsphaltClean and Dry0.25 - 0.75
RubberDry ConcreteClean and Dry0.6 - 0.85
RubberWet ConcreteClean and Dry0.45 - 0.75
SilkSilkClean0.25
SilverSilverClean and Dry1.4
SilverSilverGrease0.55
SapphireSapphireClean and Dry0.2
SapphireSapphireGrease0.2
SilverSilverClean and Dry1.4
SilverSilverGrease0.55
SkinMetalsClean and Dry0.8 - 1.0
SteelSteelClean and Dry0.5 - 0.80.42
SteelSteelGrease0.16
SteelSteelCastor oil0.150.081
SteelSteelStearic Acid0.15
SteelSteelLight mineral oil0.23
SteelSteelLard0.110.084
SteelSteelGraphite0.058
SteelGraphiteClean and Dry0.21
Straw FiberCast IronClean and Dry0.26
Straw FiberAluminumClean and Dry0.27
Tarred fiberCast IronClean and Dry0.15
Tarred fiberAluminumClean and Dry0.18
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) (Teflon)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Clean and Dry0.040.04
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)Grease0.04
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SteelClean and Dry0.05 - 0.2
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SnowWet 0 oC0.05
Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)SnowDry 0 oC0.02
Tungsten CarbideSteelClean and Dry0.4 - 0.6
Tungsten CarbideSteelGrease0.1 - 0.2
Tungsten CarbideTungsten CarbideClean and Dry0.2 - 0.25
Tungsten CarbideTungsten CarbideGrease0.12
Tungsten CarbideCopperClean and Dry0.35
Tungsten CarbideIronClean and Dry0.8
TinCast IronClean and Dry0.32
Tire, dryRoad, dryClean and Dry1
Tire, wetRoad, wetClean and Dry0.2
Wax, skiSnowWet 0 oC0.1
Wax, skiSnowDry 0 oC0.04
Wax, skiSnowDry -10 oC0.2
WoodClean WoodClean and Dry0.25 - 0.5
WoodWet WoodClean and Dry0.2
WoodClean MetalClean and Dry0.2 - 0.6
WoodWet MetalsClean and Dry0.2
WoodStoneClean and Dry0.2 - 0.4
WoodConcreteClean and Dry0.62
WoodBrickClean and Dry0.6
Wood - waxedWet snowClean and Dry0.140.1
Wood - waxedDry snowClean and Dry0.04
ZincCast IronClean and Dry0.850.21
ZincZincClean and Dry0.6
ZincZincGrease0.04

来源: engineeringtoolbox.com

工程要点

  • 静摩擦系数总是大于动摩擦系数。 开始运动所需的力比维持运动更大。对于某些材料对,这一差异可达 2 倍或更多(例如铸铁对铸铁:μₛ = 1.1 对 μₖ = 0.15)。
  • 润滑可大幅降低摩擦。 与干燥表面相比,润滑脂或机油可将系数降低 50–90%,并使摩擦几乎与所涉及的材料无关。
  • 表面条件很重要。 温度、湿度、氧化层和表面粗糙度都会改变测得的系数。除非另有说明,此处列出的数值适用于清洁、受控的实验室条件。
  • 压力影响。 在低至中等压力下,摩擦与法向力成正比,与接触面积无关。在极端压力下,摩擦急剧增大,可能发生卡死。
  • 速度影响。 在非常低的滑动速度下,摩擦基本上与速度无关。随着速度增加,动摩擦通常会降低。
  • 轮胎-路面摩擦。 干燥沥青路面系数约为 0.72,在湿表面下降到约 0.2,这就是雨天制动距离可能增加三倍或更多的原因。
  • 安全系数。 依赖摩擦的系统(制动器、离合器、输送带)的设计应包含适当的安全裕度,并考虑系数在部件使用寿命内的变化。

参考资料