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燃料燃燒 — 熱值與化學計量

常見燃料的高位和低位熱值、燃燒化學計量及空燃比。

combustionfuelsheatingvalues

概述

燃料的熱值(發熱量)表示單位質量燃料完全燃燒時所釋放的能量。常用的標準衡量方式有兩種:

  • 高位熱值 (HHV) — 又稱總發熱量,包含燃燒產物中的水蒸氣凝結回液態時所回收的潛熱。
  • 低位熱值 (LHV) — 又稱淨發熱量,假設排氣中的水維持蒸氣狀態;對大多數實際燃燒設備而言,此數值更具參考性。

HHV 與 LHV 的差異取決於燃料的氫含量,因為氫燃燒時會產生水。富含氫的燃料(例如天然氣)具有最大的 HHV 與 LHV 差距。

關鍵公式

碳氫燃料的高位與低位熱值關係,可由氫的質量分率估算:

LHV=HHVhfg×9wH100LHV = HHV - h_{fg} \times \frac{9 \, w_H}{100}

其中 hfgh_{fg} 為水在 25 °C 時的汽化潛熱(約 2.442 MJ/kg),wHw_H 為燃料中氫的質量百分比,係數 9 則來自每單位質量氫燃燒後產生水的化學計量比。

變量

符號說明典型單位
HHV高位(總)熱值MJ/kg
LHV低位(淨)熱值MJ/kg
hfgh_{fg}水在參考溫度下的汽化潛熱MJ/kg
wHw_H燃料中氫的質量分率%

燃料熱值

12
141.8120氣體
甲烷(天然氣)55.550氣體
丙烷50.346.4氣體/液體
丁烷49.545.7氣體/液體
汽油46.443.4液體
煤油46.243液體
柴油45.642.5液體
重燃油42.539.5液體
乙醇29.726.8液體
煤(無煙煤)32.531.5固體
煤(煙煤)3028固體
木材(乾燥)2018固體

來源: engineeringtoolbox.com

HHV 比較

各燃料的高位與低位熱值

復原的原始來源表

以下表格復原自原始來源頁面,以保留完整的參考資料。

氣態燃料 — 高位與低位發熱量(熱值)

6
氣態燃料 — 高位與低位發熱量(熱值)
氣態燃料
乙炔1.09731.113.949.92145354.71468
22.59690
0.092.5539.4141.76092012.734133.31205159110.8290
甲烷0.71620.315.455.52387439.8106913.9502149635.8964
天然氣(美國市場)*0.7772214.552.22244640.6109013.147.12026236.6983
都市瓦斯18483

來源: engineeringtoolbox.com

液態燃料 — 高位與低位發熱量(熱值)

28
液態燃料 — 高位與低位發熱量(熱值)
液態燃料
丙酮0.7872.9798.8331.81367125897928.2229.61272623.383580
丁烷0.6013.06513.6449.12110929.510587512.5845.31947527.297681
丁醇0.8110.3637.31603630.21083599.5634.41478927.999934
柴油*0.8463.20212.6745.61960438.613841211.8342.61831536129306
二甲醚 (DME)0.6652.5188.8131.71362921.1756558.0328.91242519.268973
乙烷0.5722.16514.4251.92231329.710651313.2847.82055027.398098
乙醇 (100%)0.7892.9878.2529.71276923.4840767.4226.71147921.175583
二乙醚(乙醚)0.7162.7111.94431848730.8110464
汽油*0.7372.7912.8946.41994834.212269412.0643.41865932114761
瓦斯油(暖氣用油)*0.843.1811.95431849536.112965411.8942.81840136128991
甘油1.2634.7815.281981692486098
重燃油*0.983.7111.6141.8179714114697410.83391676738.2137129
煤油*0.8213.10812.8346.21986237.912666311.94431848735.3126663
輕燃油*0.963.63412.22441891742.215155211.2840.61745539139841
LNG*0.4281.62115.3355.22373223.68481013.548.62089420.874670
LPG*0.5372.03313.6949.32119526.59498612.6445.51956124.487664
船用瓦斯油*0.8553.23712.7545.91973339.214080411.8942.81840136.6131295
甲醇0.7912.9946.3923988818.2652745.5419.9856815.856562
甲酯(生質柴油)0.8883.36111.1740.21728335.712806210.4237.51612233.3119460
MTBE0.7432.81110.56381633728.21012449.7535.11509026.193517
植物油(生質柴油)*0.923.48311.2540.51741237.313368410.537.81625134.8124772
石蠟*0.93.40712.78461977641.414853811.5341.51784237.4134007
戊烷0.632.38513.548.62089430.610985412.645.41949728.6102507
石油石腦油*0.7252.74513.3648.12067934.912514512.4744.91930332.6116819
丙烷0.4981.88513.9950.42164725.18996312.8846.41992723.182816
殘渣油*0.9913.75241.815007210.9739.51698239.2140470
焦油*103615477
松節油0.8653.27412.22441891738.1136555

來源: engineeringtoolbox.com

Solid Fuels - Higher and lower calorific values (heating values)

12
Solid Fuels - Higher and lower calorific values (heating values)
Anthracite coal9.0632.614015
Bituminous coal8.3930.2129848.062912468
Carbon9.1132.814101
Charcoal8.2229.6127267.8928.412210
Coke7.222611178
Lignite (brown coal)3.89146019
Peat4.72177309
Petroleum coke8.6931.3134578.1929.512683
Semi anthracite8.1929.512683
Sub-Bituminous coal6.7824.410490
Sulfur (s)2.569.239552.559.23939
Wood (dry)0.7014.516.269654.2815.46621

來源: engineeringtoolbox.com

工程要點

Fuel 能量 and LHV Estimate

單位換算器

Fuel 熱量ing 數值 單位 转換器

  • Reference conditions — All tabulated values are at 25 °C and 1 atm. Heating values shift slightly with pressure and temperature; fuel gas standards (e.g., ISO 6976) specify exact correction procedures.
  • Moisture content — Solid fuels such as wood and coal vary widely in moisture and ash. The values shown assume reasonably dry, representative samples. Always use as-received or as-fired values for real equipment sizing.
  • Hydrogen effect — The HHV-to-LHV gap grows with hydrogen content. For natural gas (~25 % H₂ by mass), the difference is about 10 %. For coal (~4 % H₂), the difference is only 3–4 %.
  • Combustion efficiency — Condensing boilers can recover a portion of the latent heat, bringing effective efficiency closer to the HHV basis. Standard (non-condensing) appliances are rated on an LHV basis in many markets.
  • Unit conversion — 1 Btu/lb ≈ 2.326 kJ/kg. In US practice, heating values are commonly reported in BTU/lb or BTU/ft³; metric data uses MJ/kg or kJ/m³.

參考资料