плавление замерзание точка молярный масса молекулярная масса углеводород aromatics алканы cycloalkanes парафины naphthenes оценка predict рассчитать

Overview

Engineering reference data for Melting Freezing Point Molar Mass Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon Aromatics Alkanes Cycloalkanes Paraffins Naphthenes Estimate Predict Calculate in thermodynamics.

Key Formulas

First Law

$\Delta U = Q - W$

Energy is conserved — heat added minus work done.

Ideal Gas Law

$PV = nRT$

Relates pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.

Heat Transfer

$Q = mc\Delta T$

Sensible heat transfer.

Carnot Efficiency

$\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$

Maximum efficiency between two temperatures.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$U$	Internal energy	J
$Q$	Heat	J
$W$	Work	J
$P$	Pressure	Pa
$V$	Volume	m³
$T$	Temperature	K

References

• Original Source