Mixtures Solutions Suspensions Solubility

Overview

Engineering reference data for Mixtures Solutions Suspensions Solubility in chemistry.

Key Formulas

Ideal Gas Law

$PV = nRT$

Pressure × Volume = moles × gas constant × temperature.

Molarity

$M = \frac{n}{V}$

Moles of solute per liter of solution.

pH

$pH = -\log_{10}[H^+]$

Measure of acidity.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$P$	Pressure	Pa
$V$	Volume	m³
$n$	Moles	mol
$R$	Gas constant	8.314 J/(mol·K)

Properties of Mixtures

Mixtures are combinations of substances that are not chemically bonded. Their properties are summarized below.

Solutions

A solution is a specific type of homogeneous mixture.

• Components: A solute (substance dissolved) in a solvent (dissolving medium).
• Separation: Cannot be separated by settling or simple filtration.
• Solubility: A substance that dissolves in a solvent is described as soluble.
• Saturation: A solution is saturated when it contains the maximum amount of solute that can dissolve at a given temperature.

Example: Salt (solute) dissolved in water (solvent) to form saline solution.

Suspensions

A suspension is a heterogeneous mixture where solid particles are dispersed in a liquid but do not dissolve.

• Separation: The solid particles can be separated by settling (decantation) or filtration.
• Appearance: The mixture is typically cloudy and particles may be visible.

Example: Sand mixed with water.

References

• Original Source