Fuels Densities Specific Volumes

Overview

Engineering reference data for Fuels Densities Specific Volumes in thermodynamics.

Key Formulas

First Law

$\Delta U = Q - W$

Energy is conserved — heat added minus work done.

Ideal Gas Law

$PV = nRT$

Relates pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.

Heat Transfer

$Q = mc\Delta T$

Sensible heat transfer.

Carnot Efficiency

$\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$

Maximum efficiency between two temperatures.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$U$	Internal energy	J
$Q$	Heat	J
$W$	Work	J
$P$	Pressure	Pa
$V$	Volume	m³
$T$	Temperature	K

Fuel Data

Notes on Fuel Classification

Diesel Grades (US)

The United States classifies diesel fuels into three primary grades based on viscosity and boiling point ranges:

• 1D: Lower viscosity. Preferred for cold weather operation.
• 2D: Used in warmer weather, sometimes blended with 1D for winter performance.
• 4D: Higher viscosity, typically used in low-speed engines.

Historically, the fuel grade number was displayed on pumps, but this practice is less common today.

EN 590 Diesel

This refers to the European diesel fuel standard (2005), which defines specifications for automotive diesel.

Fuel Oils

Fuel oil is a broad category with numerous classes and varying specifications across different markets. The density ranges provided represent general variations; specific commercial products may fall outside these ranges.

References

• Original Source