Boiling Points Fluids Gases

Overview

Engineering reference data for Boiling Points Fluids Gases in thermodynamics.

Key Formulas

First Law

$\Delta U = Q - W$

Energy is conserved — heat added minus work done.

Ideal Gas Law

$PV = nRT$

Relates pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.

Heat Transfer

$Q = mc\Delta T$

Sensible heat transfer.

Carnot Efficiency

$\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$

Maximum efficiency between two temperatures.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$U$	Internal energy	J
$Q$	Heat	J
$W$	Work	J
$P$	Pressure	Pa
$V$	Volume	m³
$T$	Temperature	K

References

• Original Source

Temperature Conversion Formulas

The boiling points in the table below are given in degrees Celsius (°C). To convert between temperature scales, use these formulas:

Celsius to Fahrenheit: $T_{(°F)} = T_{(°C)} \times \frac{9}{5} + 32$

Fahrenheit to Celsius: $T_{(°C)} = \frac{5}{9} \left( T_{(°F)} - 32 \right)$

Boiling Points of Common Fluids and Gases

Boiling points are measured at standard atmospheric pressure (14.7 psia / 1.013 bar absolute). The boiling point is the temperature at which a liquid's saturated vapor pressure equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure, causing vaporization throughout the bulk of the liquid.

Boiling Points of Common Substances

The boiling point data for various chemicals, gases, and industrial fluids is presented below. All values are at standard atmospheric pressure (1 bar absolute, 14.7 psia) unless otherwise noted.

Boiling Point Definition

The boiling point of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from liquid to gas throughout the bulk of the liquid. At this temperature, molecules anywhere in the liquid may vaporize. Formally, the boiling point is defined as the temperature at which the saturated vapor pressure of the liquid equals the surrounding atmospheric pressure.

The boiling points listed below are for standard atmospheric pressure (1 atm, 14.7 psia, or 1.013 bar absolute).

Additional Temperature Conversion Formulas

For completeness, the essential conversion formulas between Celsius and Fahrenheit are:

$T(^\circ\text{F}) = T(^\circ\text{C}) \times \frac{9}{5} + 32$

$T(^\circ\text{C}) = \frac{5}{9} \left( T(^\circ\text{F}) - 32 \right)$