Boiling Melting Organic Nitrogen Amine Pyrrole Pyridine Piperidine Quinoline Structure Density Molweight

Overview

Engineering reference data for Boiling Melting Organic Nitrogen Amine Pyrrole Pyridine Piperidine Quinoline Structure Density Molweight in thermodynamics.

Key Formulas

First Law

$\Delta U = Q - W$

Energy is conserved — heat added minus work done.

Ideal Gas Law

$PV = nRT$

Relates pressure, volume, and temperature of an ideal gas.

Heat Transfer

$Q = mc\Delta T$

Sensible heat transfer.

Carnot Efficiency

$\eta = 1 - T_C/T_H$

Maximum efficiency between two temperatures.

Variables

Symbol	Description	Unit
$U$	Internal energy	J
$Q$	Heat	J
$W$	Work	J
$P$	Pressure	Pa
$V$	Volume	m³
$T$	Temperature	K

References

• Original Source

Data Table

Definitions

• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid substance turns into a gas.
• Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid substance turns into a liquid.

Formulas

When the boiling point at 1 atm is unavailable, it can be estimated from lower-pressure measurements using the Clausius-Clapeyron relation and an assumed heat of vaporization ($\Delta H_{\text{vap}}$).

$\ln\left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right) = \frac{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}{R} \left(\frac{1}{T_1} - \frac{1}{T_2}\right)$

Where:

• $P_1, P_2$ are pressures (typically $P_2 = 1 \text{ atm}$ for the target boiling point).
• $T_1$ is the known boiling point temperature at pressure $P_1$.
• $T_2$ is the estimated boiling point at 1 atm.
• $R$ is the universal gas constant ($8.314 \text{ J/(mol·K)}$).
• $\Delta H_{\text{vap}}$ is the enthalpy of vaporization, noted in the source text as increasing from approximately $54$ to $70 \text{ kJ/mol}$ with increasing boiling point.

Note on Data Reliability

It is noted that for some compounds, the 1 atm boiling point is estimated. Furthermore, it is not known whether these compounds are stable at their listed 1 atm boiling temperature. The data provided should be used with this consideration in mind.

Data Table

Definitions

• Boiling Point: The temperature at which a liquid substance turns into a gas.
• Melting Point: The temperature at which a solid substance turns into a liquid.

Formulas

When the boiling point at 1 atm is unavailable, it can be estimated from lower-pressure measurements using the Clausius-Clapeyron relation and an assumed heat of vaporization ($\Delta H_{\text{vap}}$).

$\ln\left(\frac{P_2}{P_1}\right) = \frac{\Delta H_{\text{vap}}}{R} \left(\frac{1}{T_1} - \frac{1}{T_2}\right)$

Where:

• $P_1, P_2$ are pressures (typically $P_2 = 1 \text{ atm}$ for the target boiling point).
• $T_1$ is the known boiling point temperature at pressure $P_1$.
• $T_2$ is the estimated boiling point at 1 atm.
• $R$ is the universal gas constant ($8.314 \text{ J/(mol·K)}$).
• $\Delta H_{\text{vap}}$ is the enthalpy of vaporization, noted in the source text as increasing from approximately $54$ to $70 \text{ kJ/mol}$ with increasing boiling point.

Note on Data Reliability

It is noted that for some compounds, the 1 atm boiling point is estimated. Furthermore, it is not known whether these compounds are stable at their listed 1 atm boiling temperature. The data provided should be used with this consideration in mind.